Electronic device input/output system and method

ABSTRACT

A system and method for coupling a peripheral to a device such as a smart phone. In a most general embodiment, the invention includes a first circuit for converting data signals output by the peripheral to analog signals; a connector for coupling the circuit to an input port of the device; and a second circuit disposed within the device for converting analog signals to data signals. In the illustrative embodiment, the first circuit is a frequency shift key generator and the second circuit is a frequency shift key detector. A host controller is coupled to the peripheral and a microcontroller coupled to the host controller. A serial port is coupled between the microcontroller and the host controller. A communication controller is coupled between the serial port and the frequency shift key generator. In a more specific embodiment, the device further includes a frequency shift key to binary data converter and a scan code to character set mapper and an arrangement for receiving and processing signals wirelessly via an infrared receiver.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a U.S. continuation application which claims priority to U.S.nonprovisional application Ser. No. 12/660,995 filed Mar. 8, 2010 andentitled ELECTRONIC DEVICE INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM AND METHOD, which claimspriority to U.S. provisional application No. 61/158,586 filed Mar. 9,2009 and entitled ELECTRONIC DEVICE INPUT/OUTPUT TECHNIQUE, both ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to systems and methods for establishingdata communication between electronic devices. More specifically, thepresent invention includes systems and methods for establishingbi-directional data communication between electronic devices and forestablishing uni-directional and bi-directional communication betweendevices and peripherals.

Description of the Related Art

In the field of computerized devices, there are many different interfaceports used for communication. RS-232 serial communication, forinter-terminal communication over copper wires, was standardized in1969. Since that time, many additional wired and wireless techniqueshave been developed for inter-device communication.

In recent times, there has been a proliferation of mobile devices. The1990s saw the emergence of PDAs (personal digital assistants), and thelast 10 years have seen the emergence of “smartphones”, phones with ageneral-purpose central processing unit capable of running multiplesimultaneous programs, much like a computer. Similarly, portable mediaplayers (PMPs), such as the iPod have developed computer-likefunctionality. In the last several years, over a billion mobile phoneshave been sold each year, and an increasing number of these phones arebeing designed as “smartphones”, incorporating general-purpose computingtechnology coupled with an always-on Internet connection.

Because these devices are in essence portable computers, they are usedfor conventional computer functionality, including email, address book,calendaring, and document manipulation. There are various ways to getthis sort of information onto portable devices and to connectperipherals to such devices. Unfortunately, all of the current methodshave limitations with regards to nearby, immediate, low-latencyconnectivity.

Because these devices are in essence portable computers, themanufacturers have allowed a controlled level of third-party applicationdevelopment on their platforms. Examples of mobile platforms include theMicrosoft® Windows® Mobile platform, the Symbian platform, the Palm®Palm OS® and web OS™ platforms, the Google™ Android™ mobile applicationplatform and the Apple® iPhone® OS platform. Each of these mobile deviceoperating systems resembles in many respects a traditional desktopcomputer operating system. However, the internals of many of theseoperating systems are restricted in such a way that new devicedrivers—the software that allows for additional hardware devices to beconnected or for additional network protocols to be implemented—are notpermitted.

The smartphone type devices communicate to the Internet using the TCP/IPprotocol and to other devices such as computers and printers throughlocal-area and wide-area wireless networking. Hardware transmissionstandards that support this include Wi-Fi (802.11); cellular wirelessnetworking such as CDMA. UMTS, HSDPA, GPRS and EDGE; and wide-areanetworking such as WiMAX (IEEE 802.16). However, device-to-device anddevice-to-peripheral communication is awkward with these standards. Tohave two devices communicate in this manner, they must eithercommunicate through an intermediary server or website (the most commonmethod), adding delay and complexity of setup. For instance, if onedevice is to send a single contact of an address book to anotherdevice—for example, in exchanging business contact information—there isno straightforward technique for sending the contact directly, and themost common alternative, sending the contact over email, is less directand not instantaneous, and may not even be supported by one of thedevices.

If devices are to communicate in a peer-to-peer manner (i.e., sendingnetwork packets directly from one device to another), it is necessary tohave both devices communicate with the same network protocols and thesame application-layer protocols, and to solve issues such as networkpeer discovery. In practice, due to concern about viruses inherent inany network protocol, devices are very restricted in what they aredesigned to do on a direct basis over a network, and direct exchange ofdata between devices is thus inhibited over a network.

In the case of connecting peripherals, the cost and complexity of addingwireless local-area networking to a simple peripheral device hasprevented the attachment of keyboards, mice, joysticks and otherperipherals to devices via wireless networking. In practice, there areno known Wi-Fi keyboard peripherals.

Another limitation of Wi-Fi and other wireless techniques is that theyrequire both devices to be wireless network receivers and transmitters,and that they require constant connectivity for devices to work. Thisconsumes much power, requiring portable peripherals and devices to carrylarger batteries, and requiring frequent recharging or replacement ofbatteries.

The Bluetooth wireless networking standard was developed as apoint-to-point wireless technique for device-to-device anddevice-to-peripheral connection. It is specifically designed to minimizepower use. Although it overcomes some of the limitations of wirelessnetworking approaches by specifically enabling point-to-point,device-to-device communication, it still requires larger batteries,bulkier devices and requires complex protocol support. Many devices thatincorporate some Bluetooth features do not allow application-leveldevelopers to access the features. For instance, one device may supporttransmission of address book entries to another device, but the otherdevice, even though it has the necessary hardware support, does notimplement the correct software to accept the address book transmission.Because Bluetooth software support is implemented by the devicemanufacturer, the device manufacturer can decide, for any reason, not tosupport parts of the standard.

Additionally, unlike TCP/IP and networking standards, Bluetooth is notdesigned for ad-hoc creation of new communication protocols. Thus, anapplication developer who simply wanted to use Bluetooth to implement aproprietary or industry-standard communication scheme on top ofBluetooth would be limited to the protocols the manufacturer enabled onthe device. In addition, in the case of peripherals, such as Bluetoothkeyboards, if a mobile device is not designed to work with a Bluetoothkeyboard by the manufacturer, it is effectively impossible for anapplication developer to implement support for it.

Infrared light transmission, a line-of-sight wireless communicationtechnique, was popular for one-way and two-way inter-devicecommunication in the 1990s and still sees some use today, but has beeneclipsed by Bluetooth for peripheral interconnection. The Palm series ofPDA devices traditionally could accomplish the task of sending anaddress book contact entry from one device to another using serialbinary communication over infrared communication standards such as IrDA(a high-speed, infrared serial protocol).

However, most mobile phones, PDAs, smartphones and portable devices onlyuse infrared today as a remote control input standard, and usually onlyimplement support for a single remote. For instance, many Macintoshcomputers and devices such as iPod docking stations can use an Appleremote control. Even though they have infrared receiver hardware, thereis no application-level ability to receive any other infrared protocolsor support any other infrared devices than the Apple remote. Many otherdevices with infrared support have similar limitations. The existence ofan infrared receiver or transmitter on a device provides little hopethat any device or protocol not supported by the manufacturer will besupported. Even though the vast majority of television and other remotesin market use uni-directional infrared transmission, and even thoughuniversal remotes have shown the versatility of this technique fordevice interoperability, this interoperability has rarely beendemonstrated in the area of computing devices. For several years, anumber of infrared keyboards were developed, and a brief era ofstandardization was achieved wherein a dozen or so PDA devices supportedperhaps a dozen in-market portable infrared keyboards. However, thecurrent generation of mobile devices, lacking support for the IrDA orgeneral infrared support, cannot use these keyboards.

The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a wired hardware communicationstandard and is the most common interface on mobile devices, phones,PDAs, portable computers and smartphones for charging and datacommunication, but is not commonly used for peripheral interconnection.Most mobile devices can be connected in a master/slave relationship witha personal computer, such that the personal computer recognizes themobile device as a peripheral. Mobile devices usually change to a“peripheral” mode, and specialized software running on the personalcomputer, usually provided by the manufacturer, allows customcommunication with the device, such as synchronizing address books andcontacts, music, calendars and other data Because of the master/slavedesign of USB, USB cannot be readily used to connect two devices, or toconnect peripherals to a mobile device that itself is designed to be aperipheral, without a personal computer intermediary. Thus, address bookcontact exchange cannot be readily achieved by connecting two devicesvia USB, nor can a USB keyboard—a ubiquitous and inexpensive device—beconnected to a mobile device: even though both the keyboard and themobile device “have USB,” they are both slave devices.

Proprietary docking connectors are the most common approach toperipheral interconnection for mobile devices. PDA, phone, smartphoneand portable media player manufacturers have developed custom physicaland electrical connections on their devices to build an ecosystem ofperipherals that only work with their devices. For instance, the AppleiPod® dock connector standard has enabled a large aftermarket ecosystemof automobile integration adapters, speakers, video playback devices,microphones, remote controls, pedometers, projectors and otherperipherals. Similar approaches are used by mobile phone and portablemedia player manufacturers to create proprietary peripheral interfacesfor remote controls, chargers and audio outputs.

Beyond physical and electrical limitations, manufacturers often developcustom protocols, inaccessible to application developers, so that evenif a device exists and can be coupled to the proprietary electrical andmechanical interface, it is impossible for an application developer tosupport the device or access its functionality. For example, there aremicrophone input peripherals designed to enable audio input for iPoddevices that lack a microphone. Even though they use the standardconnector and have even been approved for use with some models of iPod,they cannot work with the latest iPods, merely because Apple has notprovided the software support (device drivers) to allow access to themby application developers, and because there is no way for applicationdevelopers to develop these device drivers or provide these devicedrivers to consumers.

None of the existing systems have been able to provide mobile deviceapplication developers with a reliable technique for accomplishinginter-device communication regardless of hardware design limitations andregardless of manufacturer.

SUMMARY

The need in the art is addressed by the present invention, whichprovides a system and method for coupling a peripheral to a device suchas a smartphone. In a most general embodiment, the invention includes afirst circuit for converting a data signal output from the peripheral toanalog (e.g., audio) signals; a connector for coupling the circuit to aninput (e.g. audio) port of the device; and a second circuit disposedwithin the device for converting the analog signals to (e.g. digital)data signals.

In the illustrative embodiment, the first circuit is a frequency shiftkey generator and the second circuit is a frequency shift key detector.A host controller is coupled to the peripheral and a microcontrollercoupled to the device. A serial port is coupled between themicrocontroller and the host controller. A communication controller iscoupled between the serial port and the frequency shift key generator.

In a more specific embodiment, the device further includes a converterthat transforms frequency-shift-keyed data to binary data, ascan-code-to-character-set mapper and an arrangement for receiving andprocessing signals wirelessly via an infrared receiver.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of one embodiment of an apparatus for connecting akeyboard to a smart phone device through the microphone port of thesmart phone device in accordance with the present teachings.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of one embodiment of the software running on thesmart phone that processes the data sent to it by an apparatus such asthe one in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of one embodiment of a system for connecting akeyboard to a mobile device.

FIG. 4 shows an illustrative implementation of the microcontroller ofFIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Illustrative embodiments and exemplary applications will now bedescribed with reference to the accompanying drawings to disclose theadvantageous teachings of the present invention.

While the present invention is described herein with reference toillustrative embodiments for particular applications, it should beunderstood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those havingordinary skill in the art and access to the teachings provided hereinwill recognize additional modifications, applications and embodimentswithin the scope thereof, and additional fields in which the presentinvention would be of significant utility.

Some portions of the detailed descriptions that follow are presented interms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on databits within a device memory. These algorithmic descriptions andrepresentations are the means used by those skilled in the dataprocessing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their workto others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally,conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desiredresult. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physicalquantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take theform of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored,transferred, combined, compared and otherwise manipulated. It has provedconvenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to referto these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms,numbers or the like.

It should be born in mind, however, that all of these and similar termsare to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and aremerely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unlessspecifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion,it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizingterms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,”“selecting,” “displaying,” “sending,” “receiving,” “updating,”“modifying,” “assigning,” “requesting,” “notifying,” “communicating”.“interfacing” or the like, refer to the actions and processes of amobile device or similar electronic device having processing circuitryand components that manipulate and transform data represented asphysical (electronic) quantities within the system's registers andmemories into other data similarly represented as physical quantitieswithin the device system memories, registers or other such informationstorage, transmission or display devices.

The present invention also relates to an apparatus for performing theoperations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for therequired purposes or it may comprise a general-purpose deviceselectively activated or reconfigured by a program stored in the device.Such a program may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, suchas, but not limited to, any type of disk—including floppy disks, opticaldisks, CD-ROMs and magneto-optical disks-read-only memories (ROMs),random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or opticalcards or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions,each of which may be coupled to a computer system bus.

The algorithms and displays presented herein can be implemented as aparticular electronic device, component, computer or other apparatus.However, various general-purpose systems may also be used with theprograms in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may proveconvenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform therequired method steps. The required structure for a variety of thesesystems will become apparent from the description below. In addition,the present invention is not described with reference to any particularprogramming language. It will be appreciated that a variety ofprogramming languages may be used to implement the teachings of theinvention as described herein.

A machine or computer readable medium includes any mechanism for storinginformation in a form readable by a computer or similar machine. Forexample, a computer-readable medium includes read-only memory (“ROM”),random access memory (“RAM”), magnetic-disk storage media, opticalstorage media, flash memory devices or other types of machine-accessiblestorage media.

In accordance with the present teachings, a technique for serialcommunication is implemented that utilizes the audio input and outputfacilities of a device. Modulating audio to achieve binary communicationis called “modulation-demodulation,” and devices that implement thistechnique are called “modems.” The first audio modems were implementedin the 1950s, and by the early 1960s, 300-bit-per-second (bps)communication was being achieved over phone lines. One modulation schemeused, called “V.21,” used binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK, or“binary FSK”). In this technique, two tones (pitches) were playedalternately, one representing a binary “1” and one representing a binary“0”. In the late 1970s, early personal computers used similar forms ofmodulation to store and retrieve programs on cassette tape. Forinstance, the Apple II computer loaded programs at about 180 bytes persecond from cassettes by using alternating tones to represent binarydigits.

In the 1990s, digital signal processor chips were incorporated intopersonal computers, allowing them to implement the more complex,higher-bit-rate modem protocols that run at 28.8 kbps and 56 kbps, insoftware. As computer CPUs have increased in speed, they have gained theability to implement various modulation schemes in software alonewithout additional DSP hardware.

Recently, there have been a number of uses of computer audio input andoutput ports for digital communication. For long-distance radiocommunication, many of the shortwave modulation schemes have beenimplemented as software for sound cards on PCs. Sound cards have beenused to implement bidirectional communication over several kilometers ofcopper wire in open-source projects like AuDSL.

For short-distance, line-of-sight applications, the open-source LiRCsoftware project includes support for infrared reception through themicrophone port of a PC sound card. Similarly, a product developed byGriffin Technologies several years ago allowed Windows Mobile-based PDAsto transmit infrared codes to control televisions using the audio outputfacility of the PDA. Similar techniques have been demonstrated for theiPhone device, performing infrared transmission using the audio outputfacility. Very recently, on 28 Dec. 2008, tellart.com released a videodemonstrating the ability to input a single changing value between 0 and255 by having the iPhone measure the audio amplitude (volume) of a soundlooped through a potentiometer, for the purpose of connecting the iPhoneto physical sensor peripherals. However, this technique, thougheffective for real-time measurement of time-varying quantities, isineffective for uni-directional or bidirectional data transfer.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of one embodiment of an apparatus for connecting akeyboard to a smartphone device through the microphone port of thesmartphone device in accordance with the present teachings. As shown inFIG. 1, a conventional keyboard 001 is connected to a USB hostcontroller 002 that connects to the serial port 003 of a microcontroller004 programmed to buffer data from the serial port 003. Signals from thekeyboard 001 are stored temporarily in a communication controller 005.The communication controller 005 may be implemented in software executedby a microprocessor (not separately shown) within the microcontroller004.

In the illustrative embodiment, the signals from the keyboard aremodulated as frequency-shift-keyed (FSK) audio signals by FSK Generator006. In accordance with the present teachings, the audio output of theFSK generator 006 is fed to an audio input or microphone port 007 of amobile device 008, where it is interpreted by a software application009.

One skilled in the art would understand that any number of additionaldevices with different functions, without limitation—including computermice, credit card readers, human interface devices, game controllers andprinters-could also be connected to the USB host controller 002.

FIG. 2 is a diagram relating to FIG. 1 and illustrating the functions ofthe software application 009 stored in the flash memory of portabledevice 008. The software performs the functions of detectingfrequency-shift-keyed data (101) and converting this to binary data,assembling full bytes of this data to be compared to a scan code table(102) to determine what key was pressed or, for non-keyboard input, whatsymbol was sent. The software then (103) displays the results or savesthem to memory or fixed storage, as appropriate to the application.

FIG. 3 is a logic flow diagram for an embodiment of the inventionshowing the data flow as keyboard data is entered into a mobile device.The user presses a key on the keyboard, which, in the illustrativeembodiment, emits a multi-byte scan code. The USB controller receivesthis data and sends it to the microcontroller 004. The microcontroller004 buffers the data and adjusts bit rate as necessary for the device towhich it is being sent. In the illustrative application, the data isslowed to fit the 1200-baud FSK rate available to the applicationsoftware running on the smartphone.

The microcontroller 004 converts the data to FSK audio and plays it intothe microphone port of the mobile device. Application software runningon the mobile device decodes the FSK audio into binary digits, assemblesthe binary digits into byte sequences and interprets sequences askeyboard scan codes, which are then either stored in fixed or temporarymemory or displayed, as appropriate.

In the illustrative embodiment, the microcontroller 004 of FIG. 1 isimplemented with a hybrid analog/digital chip manufactured by Cypress401 (PSoC: CY8C29466-24PXI) which converts bidirectional serial data toa form that can be received by a mobile device via the analog input andoutput port (e.g., a headphone/microphone jack) of the mobile device008. It also implements an infrared and wired input capability forconnecting an infrared or direct-wired infrared keyboard 001.

Although there are a number of ways to get data into and out of mostsmartphones and other devices—e.g., the Apple dock connector, Bluetooth,the camera and screen, and Wi-Fi—none of these are well suited forsimple, low-speed bidirectional communication with inexpensivecomponents. In addition, several of these inputs are simply inaccessibleto independent developers, as in the Apple iPhone SDK. The audio port,however, is accessible from the iPhone SDK—both for playing audio andfor recording it. Hence, in accordance with the present teachings, adevice design is taught that interfaces with one's device (e.g., iPhone)via the microphone/audio jack and sends bidirectional 1,200-baud serialdata.

Whereas the present invention is illustrated herein with respect to theiPhone mobile phone, it should be understood that the present inventionis not limited to any particular device.

Wired External Device Connections

For a wired implementation, to provide the microcontroller 004 of FIG.1, we start with a specialized microcontroller such as the Cypress PSoC(Programmable System on a Chip) 401 (PSoC: CY8C29466-24PXI). FIG. 4shows an illustrative implementation of the microcontroller 004 ofFIG. 1. It allows for access to a UART (serial port) on one side andtalks to one's device using binary audio FSK, a similar technique usedon some of the first modems (300 baud).

Frequency-shift keying uses alternating analog signals to sendinformation: for example, in binary FSK, a tone of 8,000 hertz mightsignify a digital ‘1’, and 4,000 hertz a digital ‘0’. Two frequenciesare chosen for this project for the following reasons:

-   -   1. Sound must be easily played and recorded through the device        audio circuitry.    -   2. The use of harmonic frequencies (8,000 hertz=2*4.000 hertz)        facilitates the use of a simple method to decode the signals.

To build the circuit, the following electronic components arerecommended for the illustrative implementation:

-   -   Cypress PSoC CY8C29466-24PX1    -   Cypress PSoC MiniProg USB programmer CY3217    -   Breadboard (a solder less breadboard will work)    -   Three 1 kΩ resistors    -   One 220 kΩ resistor    -   One 0.1 μF ceramic capacitor    -   One 0.2 μF capacitor (or two 0.1 μF capacitors in parallel)    -   A pair of device headphones    -   5-9V power source (such as a 9V battery)    -   LM7805 voltage regulator (unless using a steady 5V power source)    -   5-pin male 0.100″ K.K. header    -   A 5V UART such as the FTDI TTL-232R cable

In the illustrative embodiment, the USB host controller 002 of FIG. 1,is implemented with a Vinculum VNCIL USB Host Controller supplied byFTDI (http://www.vinculum.com). As will be appreciated by those ofordinary skill in the art, the same basic circuit may be used for boththe wired and wireless implementations disclosed herein, withappropriate firmware.

FSK generators and detectors are known in the art. For example, to buildthe FSK generator 006 and detector 101, the following papers may beused:

-   -   1. FSK Generator 006—Cypress Application Note AN2098 describes        how to transform digital bits into an FSK audio signal:        http://www.psocdeveloper.com/docs/appnotes/an-mode/detail/an-pointer/an2098/an-file/122.html.    -   2. FSK Detector 101—Cypress Application Note AN2336 describes        how to decode an FSK audio signal into digital bits:        http://www.psocdeveloper.com/docs/appnotes/an-mode/detail/an-pointer/an2336/an-file/124.html.

The circuit 006 takes serial data from the computer and converts it tofrequency-shift-keyed data. It takes a carrier signal, such as a sinewave, and modulates it, in the illustrative embodiment, toggling itbetween 4,000 Hz and 8,000 Hz.

Illustrative FSK specifications are:

-   -   1200 baud 8-N-1    -   Binary 1: 8 kHz    -   Binary 0: 4 kHz

In the illustrative embodiment, the baud rate to the device isapproximately 1266 (to provide a small buffer such that a 1200 bauddevice connected to the FSK circuit does not jam.) The 1200 baud shouldbe sufficient, inasmuch as the chip will should not send anything at afaster rate than 1200 baud.

The bytes are sent as little-endian ASCII (LSB/MSB). For example, “U” issent as the following 9 bits:

Bit 0: 4 kHz start bit

Bit 1: 8 kHz

Bit 2: 4 kHz

Bit 3: 8 kHz

Bit 4: 4 kHz

Bit 5: 8 kHz

Bit 6: 4 kHz

Bit 7: 8 kHz

Bit 8: 4 kHz

Standby is at 8 kHz—if the chip is not sending data, it emits a constant8 kHz tone.

The wired implementation uses the audio port, a method of communicatingwith a device or second-generation iPod touch. The circuit is capable ofcommunicating with a device with a microphone input, not just the devicethat is used as an example. The internal microphone of an iPhone mobiledevice typically has a resistance of about 1KΩ (1 kilo-ohms). Thisresistance is used by the device to detect whether a microphone isplugged in. When conventional headphones are plugged in, the sleeve onthe plug bridges both the microphone and ground pins of the internaljack. Thus, when the iPhone senses zero ohms, it detects that onlyheadphones are connected. If it senses 1K, it detects that a microphoneis present.

Using a modified version of the iPhone modem Cypress firmware from thebidirectional serial implementation described above, one can attach anexternal portable keyboard to one's iPhone mobile device.

Illustrative keyboards 001 that may be used include: a MicroInnovationsIrDA Palm keyboard, which has an unusual binary protocol (scan codes)due to its unusual keyboard layout, and a Targus keyboard, whose scancodes match a standard PC keyboard. Both were designed in the PDA (e.g.,PalmPilot, iPAQ) era, and use a form of infrared called IrDA to send keypresses to a device.

Wireless External Device Connections

The circuit discussed above can detect signals through ambient audioas-is. Adding an IrDA receiver to the circuit and placing the unmodifiedinfrared keyboard in close line-of-sight proximity to the infraredreceiver achieves the same functionality.

In operation, the “IrDA” signal from the keyboard provides a short tothe audio input via a 5 kΩ pull-up resistor. Thus, the standby voltageis 5 volts (in the illustrative embodiment) and the value goes to 0volts when shorted for brief 5 microsecond pulses as the keyboard shortsthe line. A series of pulses (or lack thereof) indicates what data isbeing transmitted. In the illustrative embodiment, the pulses are sentat 9,600 baud. Therefore, to read the data sent by the keyboard, thesystem has to do the following:

-   -   1. Using a DigInv block on the Cypress chip, use an interrupt to        call a software function in the code each time a negative pulse        (zero) arrives.    -   2. Wait for a first pulse. This is the start bit, which        signifies the start of a byte. The function will start a timer        that goes for 3/2's of a 9600 baud period (150 microseconds).    -   3. If subsequent pulses arrive during the timer period, the        software function notes them. If no pulse occurs, the function        is not called.    -   4. When the timer is up, then the system checks to see if the        interrupt function was called. If not, that would mean the last        bit was a logic 1 (no pulse). If it was called, then the bit was        logic 0. Next, reset the timer for a single 9600 baud period        (100 microseconds).    -   5. Repeat step (4) seven more times.    -   6. On the last bit (the eighth), write the byte to the FSK        system—which is identical to what was done above. Also turn off        the timer, and have the interrupt function wait for another        start bit.    -   7. At this point, one will be in the middle of a stop bit, which        is always logic 1, (no pulse), signifying the end of the byte.

Because this keyboard sends data at 9600 baud, the circuit buffers datato some extent, although one cannot typically type faster than 1200baud. This is because some key presses generate two or three bytes:these are scan codes, not ASCII characters. Because scan codes vary fromkeyboard to keyboard, it is best to determine what the scan codes are,either by specification or by simply pressing keys. Note that both thepress and release of a key generate a scan code, as do modifier keyslike SHIFT. A single character typed can generate 2-6 bytes of data.With stop bits, the total could be up to 54 bits for a single key press.A 120-word-per-minute typist can type 10 characters per second. Yet evenwith overhead, 540 bits per second fits into the 1200 baud bandwidthbudget.

It is also worth noting that, in accordance with the illustrativeembodiment, the keyboard only uses the microphone input. Thus, by usinga simple ‘Y’ splitter and ensuring the software does not open the audiooutput, one can listen to audio while typing in accordance with thepresent teachings. Inasmuch as kits with the keyboard preassembled arestraightforward to produce, a library that adds keyboard support can beintegrated into any iPhone application by one of ordinary skill in theart. Thus, a programmer of ordinary skill could create terminalprograms, note-taking programs and even full-screen text editors witharrow controls. Given that some old serial mice originally ran at 1,200baud, an improved circuit can be produced with both mouse and keyboardsupport. Thus, the present invention allows an iPhone mobile device tooperate as a desktop personal computer with a keyboard by plugging theiPhone into a computer screen for display.

For the illustrative implementation, a simple circuit is wired thattakes infrared pulses and converts them to sound. Code is provided torecognize the signals from the IR (infrared) remote that comes bundledwith most Macintosh computers. These steps are well within the level ofskill of a person of ordinary skill in the art. See, for example, iPhoneHacks: Pushing the iPhone and iPod touch Beyond Their Limits, written byDamien Stolarz et al. and published by O'Reilly Media, first edition(Apr. 16, 2009), ISBN-10: 0596516649, ISBN-13: 978-0596516642, theteachings of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

The present invention has been illustrated by way of example, and not byway of limitation, with the Apple iPhone mobile device. However, thepresent teachings are not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill inthe art will appreciate that the present teachings can be utilized withother devices without departing from the scope thereof. That is, itshould be understood that the present teachings can be applied withoutlimitation to any device with audio input capability, such assmartphones, mobile cellular phones, personal computers, tablet PCs,portable media players (PMPs) with audio input, portable and mobileInternet devices (MIDs), ultra mobile PCs (UMPCs), personal navigationdevices (PNDs), computing accessories, wearable computers, laptops,handhelds, personal digital assistants (PDAs), system-on-a-chip devices,portable video recorders, portable audio recorders, or any othercomputing device with an audio input port or microphone.

It is further understood that this invention applies as well to anydevice that only has audio output capability but is used to communicateuni-directionally to a device with audio input capability as describedin the invention. Such devices could include, without limitation,keyboards with audio output, peripheral devices with audio output, mice,bar code scanners, portable media players, portable audio devices,portable video devices, credit card readers, digital storage devices,ambient audio transmitters such as public address (PA) systems,amplifiers, mixers, boom boxes, DJ systems, performance systems,flat-screen televisions, movie projection systems, surround soundsystems, in-vehicle audio systems, satellite. HD or terrestrial radiotransmission systems, mixing boards, computers, solid-state audioplayers. CD players, DVD and Blu-ray Disc players, digital mediaplayback systems, or other fixed or portable electronic devices.

In another embodiment, the audio can be transmitted wirelessly—e.g., viaRF or Bluetooth—and the same approaches can be used to modulate andtransmit data. For instance, a Bluetooth hands-free headset can bedisassembled, the microphone and speaker wires of this Bluetoothhands-free headset can be connected to the audio input and output of ourexemplary FSK circuit, and the FSK circuit can be connected to anexternal device, such as a keyboard or bidirectional communicationsdevice. If the headset is “paired” (in Bluetooth terminology, connected)to the mobile phone, and the software on the mobile phone is configuredto receive and send audio through the Bluetooth hands-free headset, thedata will transfer over the air. The Bluetooth headset should beselected to use higher audio quality modes (such as A2DP if available),and the frequencies and speed of transmission can be lowered to decreasethe error rate, since Bluetooth adds its own layers of modulation anddigital compression to the audio signal. This allows the keyboard orother device to be connected and communicate wirelessly to the mobiledevice over Bluetooth.

Similarly, any one-way or bidirectional radio frequency-based(non-Bluetooth) analog audio transmitter can be used in the same way asBluetooth. The sending portion of the transmitter can be connected tothe FSK circuit and then to the keyboard, and the receiver to the inputof the mobile device. This allows the keyboard to be wirelesslyconnected to the mobile device via RF.

The teachings provided herein could be used in a variety of ways, forexample:

-   -   a. A software vendor could provide a data-transfer software        library or application which runs on a mobile device for the        purpose of achieving data transfer over the audio input or        output jacks.    -   b. An accessory maker, who does not create or sell the software,        could use the inventive technique to send data to or from their        attached device. For instance, a GPS receiver could play out its        location data as an FSK or other modulated data stream, and not        implement the audio receiver.    -   c. A mobile device manufacturer could create a phone or mobile        device that can receive modulated data streams via audio. The        hardware manufacturer might include firmware, software or        hardware integrated into the device to implement reception of        FSK or other modulated signals (there are many kinds of        modulation) to send data to a device.    -   d. A vendor could produce an end-to-end tools solution that        provides the external hardware that connects to the device, the        software that runs on the device, and firmware to run on the        external hardware.    -   e. A ‘cloud service’ could decode the signals. That is, the        phone could be relatively “dumb,” and a device could be used to        communicate to the ‘cloud’ through a mobile phone. A software        vendor could implement a solution, whereby users transmit data        from an accessory, through the audio input of their phone. The        data would then be uploaded without significant change to a        server, where it would be decoded.

It should also be noted that the present teachings enabledevice-to-device as well as device-to-peripheral connection. That is,the peripheral could be another mobile device within the scope andmeaning of the present teachings.

Thus, a method, a system and an apparatus for connecting peripheraldevices to mobile devices and for interconnecting mobile devices havebeen described. It is to be understood that the above description isintended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many other embodimentswill be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading andunderstanding the above description. The scope of the invention should,therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, alongwith the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

It is therefore intended that the appended claims cover any and all suchapplications, modifications and embodiments within the scope of thepresent invention.

1.-20. (canceled)
 21. A system, comprising: a hardware component thatallows data exchange between a first device and a second device, thehardware component including: a first mechanism that receives data fromthe first device; a communication controller that buffers the datareceived from the first device; a first circuit that converts the datato audio; a connector that couples the hardware component to an audioinput port of the second device, wherein: the connector, when insertedinto the audio input port of the second device, bridges a pin of theaudio input port; and the audio is output via the connector to the audioinput port of the second device; a software application executing on thesecond device, the software application configured to at least: receivethe audio and convert the audio into binary data; and cause a display ofinformation corresponding to the binary data, store, in a memory of thesecond device, the binary data, or cause a transmission of the binarydata to a cloud service for decoding.
 22. The system of claim 21,wherein the first mechanism includes a host controller that couples thefirst device to the hardware component.
 23. The system of claim 21,wherein the first mechanism includes a serial port that couples thefirst device to the hardware component.
 24. The system of claim 21,wherein the first circuit includes a frequency shift key generator. 25.The system of claim 21, wherein the hardware component further includes:a wireless receiver that wirelessly receives data from the first device.26. The system of claim 25, wherein the wireless receiver is at leastone of a radio receiver, an infrared receiver, an optical receiver, or aBluetooth receiver.
 27. The system of claim 21, wherein the first deviceis a credit card reader.
 28. A method for connecting a first device to acloud service, comprising: receiving, at a hardware component connectedto the first device, data from the first device; converting, with thehardware component, the data into audio; and outputting the audio from aconnector of the hardware component, wherein the connector enablescommunication between the hardware component and an audio input of asecond device; decoding, at the second device, the audio into binarydata; and causing, at the second device, transmission of at least aportion of the binary data to the cloud service.
 29. The method of claim28, wherein the first device is at least one of a keyboard, a peripheraldevice, a mouse, a bar code scanner, a portable media player, a portableaudio device, a portable video device, a credit card reader, a digitalstorage device, an ambient audio transmitter, an amplifier, a mixer, aboom box, a DJ system, a performance system, a television, a movieprojection system, a surround sound system, an in-vehicle audio system,a satellite transmission system, an HD transmission system, aterrestrial radio transmission system, a mixing board, a computer, asolid-state audio player, a CD player, a DVD player, a Blu-ray Discplayer, or a digital media playback system.
 30. The method of claim 28,wherein the connector is a wireless transmitter that enables wirelesscommunication between the hardware component and the second device. 31.The method of claim 28, further comprising: temporarily storing the datain a memory of the hardware component prior to the data being convertedinto audio.
 32. The method of claim 28, further comprising: adjusting abit rate of the data, based at least in part on a capability of thesecond device.
 33. The method of claim 28 wherein converting data toaudio includes modulating the data.
 34. An apparatus, comprising: afirst mechanism that receives data provided by a first device; acommunication controller that buffers the data received from the firstdevice; a second mechanism that at least: adjusts a bit rate of thedata; and converts the data to audio; and a connector that enablestransfer of the audio from the apparatus to a second device.
 35. Theapparatus of claim 34, wherein: the connector, when inserted into anaudio input port of the second device, bridges a pin of the audio inputport; and the audio is output via the connector to the audio input portof the second device.
 36. The apparatus of claim 34 wherein: theconnector is a wireless transmitter; and the audio is output wirelesslyby the connector and received by the second device.
 37. The apparatus ofclaim 36, wherein the apparatus is coupled to the first device.
 38. Theapparatus of claim 34, further comprising: a USB host controller thatconnects the apparatus to the first device.
 39. The apparatus of claim34, further comprising: a wireless receiver that receives data providedby the first device.
 40. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the seconddevice is at least one of: a smartphone, a mobile cellular phone, apersonal computer, a tablet PC, a portable media player, a mobileInternet device, an ultra mobile PC, a personal navigation device, acomputing accessory, a wearable computer, a laptop, a handheld, apersonal digital assistant, a system-on-a-chip device, a portable videorecorder, or portable audio recorder.